<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.2d1 20170631//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<ArticleSet>
  <Article>
    <Journal>
      <PublisherName>ejsss</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES</JournalTitle>
      <PISSN/>
      <EISSN/>
      <Volume-Issue>Volume 4 Issue 2</Volume-Issue>
      <PartNumber/>
      <IssueTopic>Multidisciplinary</IssueTopic>
      <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage>
      <Season>August-September 2023</Season>
      <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue>
      <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue>
      <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA>
      <PubDate>
        <Year>2023</Year>
        <Month>09</Month>
        <Day>30</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <ArticleType>International Relations</ArticleType>
      <ArticleTitle>Assessing the Effects of Afghanistan__ampersandsign#39;s Situation on China__ampersandsign#39;s National Interests and Regional Stability</ArticleTitle>
      <SubTitle/>
      <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage>
      <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA>
      <FirstPage>95</FirstPage>
      <LastPage>112</LastPage>
      <AuthorList>
        <Author>
          <FirstName>Shashank</FirstName>
          <LastName>Khopkar</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
        </Author>
      </AuthorList>
      <DOI>10.47362/EJSSS.2023.4202</DOI>
      <Abstract>The US and NATO__ampersandsign#39;s August 2021 departure from Afghanistan have resulted in significant security risks that now confront China and its Western neighborhood. This article examines two threats to China__ampersandsign#39;s national interest, both within its western province and its neighboring regions. The first threat pertains to China__ampersandsign#39;s restive Western province of Xinjiang bordering Afghanistan and is characterized by its unrest and instability, specifically due to the presence of separatist movements and acts of terrorism. The second concern involves the implications for China__ampersandsign#39;s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Central and South Asia, thereby presenting potential economic threats. This paper conducts a comprehensive study to explore the context and significance of China__ampersandsign#39;s Afghan policy and aims to highlight China__ampersandsign#39;s role in safeguarding its national interests and promoting regional stability.</Abstract>
      <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage>
      <Keywords>Afghanistan,China's National Interests,Regional Stability,Security Threats,Xinjiang,Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)</Keywords>
      <URLs>
        <Abstract>https://ejsss.net.in/ubijournal-v1copy/journals/abstract.php?article_id=14840&amp;title=Assessing the Effects of Afghanistan__ampersandsign#39;s Situation on China__ampersandsign#39;s National Interests and Regional Stability</Abstract>
      </URLs>
      <References>
        <ReferencesarticleTitle>References</ReferencesarticleTitle>
        <ReferencesfirstPage>16</ReferencesfirstPage>
        <ReferenceslastPage>19</ReferenceslastPage>
        <References>Ahmed, S. (2023, March 29). The Pakistani Taliban Test Ties between Islamabad and Kabul. Crisis Group. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/pakistan/pakistani-taliban-test-ties-between-islamabad-and-kabul&#13;
&#13;
Ali, S. H., and; Hale, T. (2023, July 18). China, Afghanistan, and the Allure of and;#39;Green Mineral Development.and;#39; Retrieved from https://www.fpri.org/article/2023/07/china-afghanistan-and-the-allure-of-green-mineral-development/&#13;
&#13;
Appelman, K. (2014). The East Turkistan Islamic Party (E.T.I.P.) American University. Retrieved from: https://dra.american.edu/islandora/object/auislandora:11373/datastream/PDF/view&#13;
&#13;
Azad, S. (2020, September 22). China’s Stake in the Afghan Peace Process. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/09/chinas-stake-in-the-afghan-peace-process/&#13;
&#13;
BBC News. (2021, September 9). "China offers $31m in emergency aid to Afghanistan." BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-58496867&#13;
&#13;
Bekmurat, R. B., and; Serikkaliyeva, ?. Ye. (2022). Analysis of Chinaand;#39;s investment in Afghanistan. Bulletin of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Turkology Series, 143(2). https://bulpolit.enu.kz/index.php/main&#13;
&#13;
Blanc, J., and; Brown, F. Z. (2020, December 17). Conflict Zones in the Time of Coronavirus: War and War by Other Means. Carnegie Endowment. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/12/17/conflict-zones-in-time-of-coronavirus-war-and-war-by-other-means-pub-83462&#13;
&#13;
Blumenthal, L., Purdy, C., and; Bassetti, V. (2022, August 3). Chinese investment in Afghanistan’s lithium sector: A long shot in the short term. Brookings Institution. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chinese-investment-in-afghanistans-lithium-sector-a-long-shot-in-the-short-term/&#13;
&#13;
Castets, R. (2003). The Uighurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows. China Perspectives, 2003(5).  https://doi.org/10.4000/chinaperspectives.648&#13;
&#13;
Chaudhuri, D. (2010). Minority Economy in Xinjiang—A Source of Uighur Resentment. China Report, 46(1), 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944551004600102 &#13;
&#13;
Cheema, A. S. (2023, May 19). China’s Gamble in Afghanistan. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2023/05/chinas-gamble-in-afghanistan/&#13;
&#13;
Chen, X., Qin, Q., and; Mo, H. (2021). Why is the Silk Road Economic Belt not a New Strategy? A Three-Factor Analysis in the Context of Central Asia. Pacific Focus, 36(3), 427-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/pafo.12196  &#13;
&#13;
China’s Position on the Afghan Issue. (2023, April 12). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Peopleand;#39;s Republic of China. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202304/t20230412_11057785.html&#13;
&#13;
China Briefing. (2023, January 10). "China and Afghanistan: Bilateral Trade Relationship and Future Outlook (Updated)." China Briefing. Retrieved from https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-and-afghanistan-bilateral-trade-relationship-and-future-outlook/  &#13;
&#13;
Chung, C.-p. (2002). Chinaand;#39;s "War on Terror": September 11 and Uighur Separatism. Foreign Affairs, 81(4), 8-12. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20033235&#13;
&#13;
Clarke, C. P. (2023, April 29). Islamic State Khorasan Province Is a Growing Threat in Afghanistan and Beyond. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2023/04/islamic-state-khorasan-province-is-a-growing-threat-in-afghanistan-and-beyond/&#13;
&#13;
Cordesman, A. H. (2023). The Key Lessons of America’s Recent Wars: Failing or Losing in Grand Strategic Terms. Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep51360.9&#13;
&#13;
Cowan, A. (2018). Afghanistan Reconnected: Challenges and; Opportunities in the Context of Chinaand;#39;s Belt and Road Initiative. EastWest Institute. Retrieved from https://www.eastwest.ngo/idea/afghanistan-reconnected-challenges-opportunities-context-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative&#13;
&#13;
Davis, E. V. W. (2008). Uighur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China. Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA493744.pdf &#13;
&#13;
Embassy of the Peopleand;#39;s Republic of China in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. (2022, November 3). "New Journey of Chinaand;#39;s Development, New Opportunities for China-Afghanistan Relations." Embassy of the Peopleand;#39;s Republic of China in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Retrieved from http://af.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202211/t20221103_10799850.htm&#13;
&#13;
Essar, M. Y., Hasan, M. M., Islam, Z., Riaz, M. M. A., Aborode, A. T., and; Ahmad, S. (2021). COVID-19 and multiple crises in Afghanistan: An urgent battle. Confl Health, 15, 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-021-00406-0&#13;
&#13;
Faisal, M. (2019). CPEC and Regional Connectivity. Strategic Studies, 39(2), 1-17. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48544296&#13;
&#13;
Felbab-Brown, V. (2023, February 3). Afghanistan in 2023: Taliban internal power struggles and militancy. Brookings. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/articles/afghanistan-in-2023-taliban-internal-power-struggles-and-militancy/&#13;
&#13;
Finley, J. S. (2013). The Art of Symbolic Resistance: Uighur Identities and Uighur-Han Relations in Contemporary Xinjiang. Brilland;#39;s Inner Asian Library (Vol. 30). Leiden, Boston.&#13;
&#13;
Fuller, G. E., and; Starr, S. F. (2003). THE Xinjiang Problem. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, The Johns Hopkins University.&#13;
&#13;
Garlick, J. (2018). Deconstructing the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor: Pipe Dreams Versus Geopolitical Realities. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(112), 519–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1433483&#13;
&#13;
Ghosh, A. (2022, April 20). Is China looking for a greater role in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan? Indian Council of World Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1and;level=3and;ls_id=7256and;lid=4908 &#13;
&#13;
Greitens, S. C., Lee, M., and; Yazici, E. (2020). Counterterrorism and Preventive Repression: China’s Changing Strategy in Xinjiang. International Security, 44(3), 9–47. https://doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00368   &#13;
&#13;
Guo, W., and; Attanand;eacute;, I. (2019). Social Mobility of Uighur Population in Mainland China: A Comparative Perspective. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 39(4), 522–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2019.1700588  &#13;
&#13;
Khan, A. (2020, July 10). Uighurs Reflect on 2009 Violence That Set off Chinese Crackdown. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/uighurs-reflect-on-2009-violence-that-set-off-chinese-crackdown/2020/07/10/03ce53ae-c246-11ea-9fdd-b7ac6b051dc8_story.html&#13;
&#13;
Khan, H. U., Dawar, A. I., and; Khan, M. M. (2023). Quest for Peace in Afghanistan: Analysis of China’s Regional Policy after US Withdrawal. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 17(1), 28-45.&#13;
&#13;
Lain, S., and; Pantucci, R. (2016). Security and Stability along the Silk Road. Royal United Services Institute (RUSI). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep37244&#13;
&#13;
Li, J. (2021, August 16). China’s Conflict Mediation in Afghanistan. Pivotal Places: China. The Stimson Center.&#13;
&#13;
Maizland, L. (2022, September 22). China’s Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang. Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-xinjiang-Uighurs-muslims-repression-genocide-human-rights&#13;
&#13;
Mackerras, C. (2015). Xinjiang in China’s Foreign Relations: Part of a New Silk Road or Central Asian Zone of Conflict? East Asia. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-015-9224-8&#13;
&#13;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Peopleand;#39;s Republic of China. (2023, April 14). Joint Statement of the Second Informal Meeting on Afghanistan Between Foreign Ministers of China, Russia, Pakistan, and Iran. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/202304/t20230414_11059063.html&#13;
&#13;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Peopleand;#39;s Republic of China. (2023, May 9). "Joint Statement of the 5th China-Afghanistan-Pakistan Foreign Ministersand;#39; Dialogue." Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Peopleand;#39;s Republic of China. Retrieved from https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202305/t20230509_11073522.html&#13;
&#13;
Mir, A. (2022, May 4). Pakistan’s Twin Taliban Problem. United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/05/pakistans-twin-taliban-problem&#13;
&#13;
Murtazashvili, J. (2022, May 17). China’s Activities and Influence in South and Central Asia. Testimony: United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/05/17/china-s-activities-and-influence-in-south-and-central-asia-pub-87146 &#13;
&#13;
Notezai, M. A. (2021, July 19). Chaos in Afghanistan Threatens CPEC. The Diplomat. Retrieved from: https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/chaos-in-afghanistan-threatens-cpec/&#13;
&#13;
Mushtaq, M. S., and; Shad, M. R. (2022). Belt and Road Initiative in South Asia: Security Imperatives. Strategic Studies, 42(2), 72-86. https://doi.org/10.53532/ss.042.02.0012   &#13;
&#13;
Oand;#39;Donnell, L. (2023, April 24). China’s Got Afghan Fever, Again. Foreign Policy.  https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/04/24/china-afghanistan-lithium-critical-minerals-taliban-energy-environment/&#13;
&#13;
Shichor, Y. (2018). Politics and History in Central Asia. In G. K. Ercilasun and; K. Ercilasun (Eds.), The Uighur Community: Diaspora, Identity and Geopolitics (pp. 121-136). Palgrave Macmillan New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52297-9&#13;
&#13;
Sun, Y. (2020, April 8). China’s Strategic Assessment of Afghanistan. War on the Rocks. Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2020/04/chinas-strategic-assessment-of-afghanistan/&#13;
&#13;
The Economic Times. (2023, April 15). China eyes Afghanistanand;#39;s lithium reserves, offers to invest USD 10 billion. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/china-eyes-afghanistans-lithium-reserves-offers-to-invest-usd-10-billion/articleshow/99521732.cms?from=mdr&#13;
&#13;
Thum, R. (2018). The Uighurs in Modern China. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Oxford University Press. &#13;
&#13;
Trofimov, Y., and; Page, J. (2021, September 1). Afghanistan, U.S. Withdrawal, and Power Relations between China and Russia. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/afghanistan-u-s-withdrawal-china-russia-power-relations-11630421715&#13;
&#13;
White House. (2021, July 8). Remarks by President Biden on the Drawdown of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan. Retrieved from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/07/08/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-drawdown-of-u-s-forces-in-afghanistan/&#13;
&#13;
Xinhua. (2020, October 8). Afghanistan receives 6th batch of Chinese aid for combating COVID-19. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/08/c_139426000.htm#:~:text=8%20(Xinhua)%20%2D%2D%20Afghanistan%20on,machines%2C%20and%20masks%20and%20gloves.&#13;
&#13;
Xu, B., Fletcher, H., and; Bajoria, J. (2014, September 4). The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM). Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). Retrieved from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/east-turkestan-islamic-movement-etim&#13;
&#13;
Yuan, J., Zhou, J., and; Su, F. (2022). Treading Lightly: China’s Footprint in a Taliban-led Afghanistan. SIPRI Publications. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.55163/OVBO3684&#13;
&#13;
Zambelis, C. (2010). Uighur Dissent and Militancy in China’s Xinjiang Province. Combating Terrorism Center, 3(1). Retrieved from https://ctc.usma.edu/uighur-dissent-and-militancy-in-chinas-xinjiang-province/ &#13;
&#13;
Zhang, F. (2022). China’s New Engagement with Afghanistan after the Withdrawal. In M. Cox (Ed.), Afghanistan: Long War, Forgotten Peace (Chapter 12). LSE Public Policy Review Series (Book 3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31389/lsepress.afg</References>
      </References>
    </Journal>
  </Article>
</ArticleSet>