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  <Article>
    <Journal>
      <PublisherName>ejsss</PublisherName>
      <JournalTitle>ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES</JournalTitle>
      <PISSN/>
      <EISSN/>
      <Volume-Issue>Volume 7 Issue 1</Volume-Issue>
      <PartNumber/>
      <IssueTopic>Multidisciplinary</IssueTopic>
      <IssueLanguage>English</IssueLanguage>
      <Season>Apr-May 2026</Season>
      <SpecialIssue>N</SpecialIssue>
      <SupplementaryIssue>N</SupplementaryIssue>
      <IssueOA>Y</IssueOA>
      <PubDate>
        <Year>2026</Year>
        <Month>05</Month>
        <Day>31</Day>
      </PubDate>
      <ArticleType>Political Science</ArticleType>
      <ArticleTitle>Geopolitical Theories of the Past and Present: An Analytical Overview</ArticleTitle>
      <SubTitle/>
      <ArticleLanguage>English</ArticleLanguage>
      <ArticleOA>Y</ArticleOA>
      <FirstPage>181</FirstPage>
      <LastPage>201</LastPage>
      <AuthorList>
        <Author>
          <FirstName>Y Yagama</FirstName>
          <LastName>Reddy</LastName>
          <AuthorLanguage>English</AuthorLanguage>
          <Affiliation/>
          <CorrespondingAuthor>N</CorrespondingAuthor>
          <ORCID/>
        </Author>
      </AuthorList>
      <DOI>10.47362/EJSSS.2026.7110</DOI>
      <Abstract>Geopolitics had primarily focused on the influence of geographical factors on international politics and state behaviour, thanks to the classical geopolitical theories propounded in the late 19th century and first-half of 20th century.  Geopolitics, ever since its genesis in 1898, has undergone evolutionary process, as testified by its transdisciplinary character. While Mahan__ampersandsignrsquo;s __ampersandsignlsquo;Sea Power theory__ampersandsignrsquo; posited the control of the seas as decisive factor in international power struggles, Mackinder considered __ampersandsignlsquo;Heartland__ampersandsignrsquo; as the key to control the world, Spykman put forth __ampersandsignlsquo;Rimland__ampersandsignrsquo; to world-domination and Haushofer laid paramount emphasis on __ampersandsignlsquo;Pan-region. Despite the validation of geopolitical theories in several contexts, the study of geopolitics was multifariously castigated during the inter-war and Cold war periods. The disdain for geopolitics was tantamount to the virtual eclipse of geopolitics as a subject and public discourse. Critical geopolitics has since 1990s begun to offer an objective analysis of geopolitical culture. In parallel, geoeconomics, which engendered the hopes for a __ampersandsignldquo;new world order,__ampersandsignrdquo; was expected of replacing geopolitics. Ironically enough, those two factors could neither render geopolitics irrelevant nor obliterate geopolitical writings. Instead, the geopolitical landscape gains prominence alongside the rise of multipolarity. Of much significance are the good number of pivots around which geopolitics revolves itself in the contemporary world. Scholars of eminence in strategic studies have endeavoured to demonstrate that classical geopolitical thinking is still a valuable tool to read post-Cold War power relations. To sum up, geopolitics now presents itself in a very different way, in the context of the unipolar world of the US and the multipolar world desired by other big powers.</Abstract>
      <AbstractLanguage>English</AbstractLanguage>
      <Keywords>Classical geopolitical theories, Sea Power concept, Heartland theory, Rimland theory, Disdain for geopolitics, Critical Geopolitics, Geoeconomics, Pivots of geopolitics, Relevance of geopolitical theories</Keywords>
      <URLs>
        <Abstract>https://ejsss.net.in/ubijournal-v1copy/journals/abstract.php?article_id=16263&amp;title=Geopolitical Theories of the Past and Present: An Analytical Overview</Abstract>
      </URLs>
      <References>
        <ReferencesarticleTitle>References</ReferencesarticleTitle>
        <ReferencesfirstPage>16</ReferencesfirstPage>
        <ReferenceslastPage>19</ReferenceslastPage>
        <References/>
      </References>
    </Journal>
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